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<br><br>

<center>
<p style="font-size: 26px; font-weight:bold; align:center;color:rgb(69, 130, 236)"> Datensätze bändigen & visualisieren mit R</p>
<br>
<p style="font-size: 24px; align:center"> Benedikt Philipp Kleer <br> 11. Oktober 2021</p>
<hr />
<br>
</center>

<div id="header">


</div>


<div id="tabellen-publizierbar-erstellen-mit-gt" class="section level2">
<h2>Tabellen publizierbar erstellen mit <code>gt</code></h2>
<p>Das <em>package</em> <code>gt</code> (<em>grammar of tables</em>) inkludiert hilfreiche Funktionen, um Tabellen aus R in ein Format zu exportieren, das in wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten oder bei Präsentationen genutzt werden kann.</p>
<p>Das Paket ist umfassend und hier werden nur einführende Schritte dargestellt, die aber für erste Projekte im BA-Studium hilfreich sind. Die genaue Dokumentation findet sich in der <a href="https://gt.rstudio.com/">Benutzerdokumentation</a>.</p>
<p>Die generelle Funktionslogik erfolgt bei <code>gt</code> wie folgt:</p>
<center>
<img src="pics/gt.svg" title="fig:" alt="Aufbau-Logik eines tables in gt" />
</center>
<p>All diese verschiedenen Felder können einzeln angesprochen werden und verändert werden.</p>
<p>Bevor wir nun mit den Beispielen starten, müssen wir das <em>package</em> selbst laden als auch <code>tidyverse</code>.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># falls noch nicht installiert</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># install.packages(&quot;gt&quot;, </span></span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#                  dependencies = TRUE</span></span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#                  )</span></span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># install.packages(&quot;tidyverse&quot;,</span></span>
<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#                  dependencies = TRUE</span></span>
<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">#                  )</span></span>
<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(<span class="st">&quot;gt&quot;</span>)</span>
<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(<span class="st">&quot;tidyverse&quot;</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="eine-einfache-tabelle" class="section level2">
<h2>Eine einfache Tabelle</h2>
<p>Bevor wir nun Kreuztabellen darstellen, machen wir eine einfache Tabelle. Wir wollen zum Beispiel die Häufigkeiten für die <em>Studienmotivation</em> ausgeben lassen (<code>mot</code>).</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">table</span>(uni<span class="sc">$</span>mot)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>
  0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 
105  93  81 110 116  93  88 108  91 115 </code></pre>
<p>Zuerst müssen wir mit <code>tidyverse</code> ein <em>tibble</em> schaffen, dass wir an <code>gt</code> übergeben können. Dazu wählen wir aus dem Datensatz die Variable <code>mot</code> aus, gruppieren die Daten nach <code>mot</code> und bilden dann mit summarize die jeweilige Summe unter den Ausprägungen der Variable <code>mot</code> (Funktion <code>n()</code>). Mit <code>gt()</code> erstellen wir dann die Tabelle:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>uni <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">select</span>(mot) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span>  </span>
<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">group_by</span>(mot) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">summarise</span>(<span class="at">n =</span> <span class="fu">n</span>()) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">gt</span>()</span></code></pre></div>
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  border-bottom-width: 2px;
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  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
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  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
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  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#ersisutghe .gt_sourcenote {
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

#ersisutghe .gt_left {
  text-align: left;
}

#ersisutghe .gt_center {
  text-align: center;
}

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  text-align: right;
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}

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}

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}

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}

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  font-style: italic;
  font-weight: normal;
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}
</style>
<table class="gt_table">
  
  <thead class="gt_col_headings">
    <tr>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mot</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody class="gt_table_body">
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right">0</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">105</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right">1</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">93</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right">2</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">81</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right">3</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">110</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right">4</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">116</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right">5</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">93</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right">6</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">88</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right">7</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">108</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right">8</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">91</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right">9</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">115</td></tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
</table>
</div>
<p>Jetzt ist das Format noch etwas unhandlich für Berichte oder Abschlussarbeiten und daher nutzen wir eine weitere Funktion aus <code>tidyverse</code>, nämlich <code>pivot_wider()</code>. Mit <code>pivot_wider()</code> können wir die Tabelle neu ordnen. Hierbei geben wir dann an, dass die Spaltennamen die Ausprägungen von <code>mot</code> sind und die Werte (also der Inhalt der ersten und einzigen Zeile) aus der vorherigen Spalte <code>n</code> entnommen werden.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>uni <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">select</span>(mot) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span>  </span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">group_by</span>(mot) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">summarise</span>(<span class="at">n =</span> <span class="fu">n</span>()) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">pivot_wider</span>(<span class="at">names_from =</span> mot,</span>
<span id="cb5-6"><a href="#cb5-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>              <span class="at">values_from =</span> n</span>
<span id="cb5-7"><a href="#cb5-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>              ) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb5-8"><a href="#cb5-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">gt</span>()</span></code></pre></div>
<div id="jigzjgrlrz" style="overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:auto;width:auto;height:auto;">
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#jigzjgrlrz .gt_group_heading {
  padding: 8px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
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  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#jigzjgrlrz .gt_empty_group_heading {
  padding: 0.5px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#jigzjgrlrz .gt_from_md > :first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

#jigzjgrlrz .gt_from_md > :last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

#jigzjgrlrz .gt_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
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  border-right-width: 1px;
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#jigzjgrlrz .gt_stub {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
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  border-right-style: solid;
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  padding-left: 12px;
}

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  font-weight: normal;
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}
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<table class="gt_table">
  
  <thead class="gt_col_headings">
    <tr>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody class="gt_table_body">
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_right">105</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">93</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">81</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">110</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">116</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">93</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">88</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">108</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">91</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">115</td></tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
</table>
</div>
<p>Fertig ist die Darstellung der absoluten Häufigkeiten der Variable <code>mot</code>. Dies sieht schon viel schöner aus als in der R Konsole (und ist auch als Bild exportierbar, dazu später mehr). Bevor nun einzelne Formatierungsmöglichkeiten in <code>gt</code> gezeigt werden, gehen wir über zu Kreuztabellen und zur Ausgabe prozentualer Häufigkeiten.</p>
</div>
<div id="kreuztabelle" class="section level2">
<h2>Kreuztabelle</h2>
<p>Wir nehmen wieder ein Beispiel aus dem Trainingsdatensatz <code>uni</code>. Wir möchten eine Kreuztabelle zwischen Studienort (<code>city</code>) und Studienfach (<code>study</code>) erstellen. Wir möchten wissen, wie viele Personen jeweils in den einzelnen Städten die spezifischen Fächer studieren.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>example</span></code></pre></div>
<pre><code>                     
                      Gießen Marburg Frankfurt
  Political Science       70      72        78
  Sociology               88      94        81
  Educational Science     95      96        74
  Psychology              85      88        79</code></pre>
<p>Wir wir sehen ist die originäre R Ausgabe nicht gut visuell dargestellt und auch die bisher genutzten Pakete erhöhten zwar die <em>readibility</em> in der Konsole, konnten aber nicht den Export unterstützen. Für die Weiterverwendung in anderen Paketen eignet sich daher das <em>package</em> <code>gt</code>, mit dem wir Bilddateien aus den Tabellen erstellen können.</p>
<p>Hierbei greifen wir auf das Paket <code>tidyverse</code> zurück, in dem wir die Daten für das <em>package</em> <code>gt</code> manipulieren. Nehmen wir das Beispiel einer Kreuztabelle zwischen Studienort und Studienfach von oben. Zuerst selektieren wir zur Vereinfachung den Datensatz auf die zwei genutzten Variablen mit <code>select()</code>. Anschließend gruppieren wir die Daten mit <code>group_by()</code>. Danach nutzen wir <code>summarize()</code>, um die Summen der einzelnen Kombinationen zu bilden (also die späteren Zellen der Tabelle). Bevor wir dann die Funktion <code>gt()</code> aufrufen, nutzen wir eine weitere Funktion aus <code>tidyverse</code>, nämlich <code>pivot_wider()</code>.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>uni <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">select</span>(study,</span>
<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>         city</span>
<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>         ) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb8-5"><a href="#cb8-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">group_by</span>(city, </span>
<span id="cb8-6"><a href="#cb8-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>           study</span>
<span id="cb8-7"><a href="#cb8-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>           ) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb8-8"><a href="#cb8-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">summarise</span>(<span class="at">n =</span> <span class="fu">n</span>()) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb8-9"><a href="#cb8-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">pivot_wider</span>(<span class="at">names_from =</span> city,</span>
<span id="cb8-10"><a href="#cb8-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>              <span class="at">values_from =</span> n</span>
<span id="cb8-11"><a href="#cb8-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>              )</span></code></pre></div>
<div data-pagedtable="false">
<script data-pagedtable-source type="application/json">
{"columns":[{"label":["study"],"name":[1],"type":["fct"],"align":["left"]},{"label":["Gießen"],"name":[2],"type":["int"],"align":["right"]},{"label":["Marburg"],"name":[3],"type":["int"],"align":["right"]},{"label":["Frankfurt"],"name":[4],"type":["int"],"align":["right"]}],"data":[{"1":"Political Science","2":"70","3":"72","4":"78"},{"1":"Sociology","2":"88","3":"94","4":"81"},{"1":"Educational Science","2":"95","3":"96","4":"74"},{"1":"Psychology","2":"85","3":"88","4":"79"}],"options":{"columns":{"min":{},"max":[10]},"rows":{"min":[15],"max":[15]},"pages":{}}}
  </script>
</div>
<p>Wir sehen, dass wir nun ein <em>tibble</em> haben, der in der ersten Spalte die Ausprägungen von <code>study</code> hat, und die zweite bis vierte Spalte stellen die Ausprägungen von <code>city</code> dar. In den einzelnen Feldern befindet sich die Summe der einzelnen Paare.</p>
</div>
<div id="kreuztabelle-mit-gt" class="section level2">
<h2>Kreuztabelle mit <code>gt</code></h2>
<p>Als nächstes werden wir jetzt dann die Funktion <code>gt()</code> aufrufen:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>uni <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">select</span>(study, </span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>         city</span>
<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>         ) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">group_by</span>(city, </span>
<span id="cb9-6"><a href="#cb9-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>           study</span>
<span id="cb9-7"><a href="#cb9-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>           ) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">summarise</span>(<span class="at">n =</span> <span class="fu">n</span>()) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb9-9"><a href="#cb9-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">pivot_wider</span>(<span class="at">names_from =</span> city, </span>
<span id="cb9-10"><a href="#cb9-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>              <span class="at">values_from =</span> n</span>
<span id="cb9-11"><a href="#cb9-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>              ) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb9-12"><a href="#cb9-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">gt</span>()</span></code></pre></div>
<div id="ybmjqzwoha" style="overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:auto;width:auto;height:auto;">
<style>html {
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', Arial, sans-serif;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_table {
  display: table;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 16px;
  font-weight: normal;
  font-style: normal;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  width: auto;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_heading {
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-align: center;
  border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_title {
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 125%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-width: 0;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_subtitle {
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 85%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  border-top-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-top-width: 0;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_bottom_border {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_col_headings {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_col_heading {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_column_spanner_outer {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 0;
  padding-left: 4px;
  padding-right: 4px;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_column_spanner_outer:first-child {
  padding-left: 0;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_column_spanner_outer:last-child {
  padding-right: 0;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_column_spanner {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 5px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 100%;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_group_heading {
  padding: 8px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_empty_group_heading {
  padding: 0.5px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_from_md > :first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_from_md > :last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  margin: 10px;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 1px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_stub {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-right-style: solid;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  padding-left: 12px;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_first_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_grand_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_first_grand_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: double;
  border-top-width: 6px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_striped {
  background-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.05);
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_table_body {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_footnotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_footnote {
  margin: 0px;
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_sourcenotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_sourcenote {
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_left {
  text-align: left;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_center {
  text-align: center;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_right {
  text-align: right;
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_font_normal {
  font-weight: normal;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_font_bold {
  font-weight: bold;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_font_italic {
  font-style: italic;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_super {
  font-size: 65%;
}

#ybmjqzwoha .gt_footnote_marks {
  font-style: italic;
  font-weight: normal;
  font-size: 65%;
}
</style>
<table class="gt_table">
  
  <thead class="gt_col_headings">
    <tr>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">study</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gießen</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marburg</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frankfurt</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody class="gt_table_body">
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Political Science</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">70</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">72</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">78</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Sociology</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">88</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">94</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">81</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Educational Science</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">95</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">96</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">74</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Psychology</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">85</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">88</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">79</td></tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
</table>
</div>
<p>Nun sehen wir die erste mit <code>gt</code> erzeugte Kreuztabelle. Bevor wir nun in die Formatierung der Tabelle gehen, schaffen wir erst prozentuale Ausgaben. <strong>Wichtig hierbei</strong>: Die Konvention ist, dass wir Spaltenprozente erstellen.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>uni <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">select</span>(study,</span>
<span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>         city</span>
<span id="cb10-4"><a href="#cb10-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>         ) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb10-5"><a href="#cb10-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">group_by</span>(city,</span>
<span id="cb10-6"><a href="#cb10-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>           study</span>
<span id="cb10-7"><a href="#cb10-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>           ) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb10-8"><a href="#cb10-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">summarise</span>(<span class="at">n =</span> <span class="fu">n</span>()) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb10-9"><a href="#cb10-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">prop =</span> n <span class="sc">/</span> <span class="fu">sum</span>(n))<span class="sc">%&gt;%</span>   <span class="co"># neue prozentualer Anteil nach Spalten!</span></span>
<span id="cb10-10"><a href="#cb10-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">pivot_wider</span>(<span class="at">names_from =</span> city, </span>
<span id="cb10-11"><a href="#cb10-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>              <span class="at">values_from =</span> prop</span>
<span id="cb10-12"><a href="#cb10-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>              ) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb10-13"><a href="#cb10-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">gt</span>()</span></code></pre></div>
<div id="jdaiyhtqik" style="overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:auto;width:auto;height:auto;">
<style>html {
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', Arial, sans-serif;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_table {
  display: table;
  border-collapse: collapse;
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 16px;
  font-weight: normal;
  font-style: normal;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  width: auto;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #A8A8A8;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_heading {
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-align: center;
  border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_title {
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 125%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 4px;
  padding-bottom: 4px;
  border-bottom-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-width: 0;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_subtitle {
  color: #333333;
  font-size: 85%;
  font-weight: initial;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  border-top-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-top-width: 0;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_bottom_border {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_col_headings {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_col_heading {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 6px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_column_spanner_outer {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: normal;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 0;
  padding-bottom: 0;
  padding-left: 4px;
  padding-right: 4px;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_column_spanner_outer:first-child {
  padding-left: 0;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_column_spanner_outer:last-child {
  padding-right: 0;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_column_spanner {
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: bottom;
  padding-top: 5px;
  padding-bottom: 5px;
  overflow-x: hidden;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 100%;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_group_heading {
  padding: 8px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_empty_group_heading {
  padding: 0.5px;
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_from_md > :first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_from_md > :last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  margin: 10px;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 1px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 1px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 1px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  vertical-align: middle;
  overflow-x: hidden;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_stub {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  font-size: 100%;
  font-weight: initial;
  text-transform: inherit;
  border-right-style: solid;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
  padding-left: 12px;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_first_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_grand_summary_row {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  text-transform: inherit;
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_first_grand_summary_row {
  padding-top: 8px;
  padding-bottom: 8px;
  padding-left: 5px;
  padding-right: 5px;
  border-top-style: double;
  border-top-width: 6px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_striped {
  background-color: rgba(128, 128, 128, 0.05);
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_table_body {
  border-top-style: solid;
  border-top-width: 2px;
  border-top-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-bottom-style: solid;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_footnotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_footnote {
  margin: 0px;
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_sourcenotes {
  color: #333333;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  border-bottom-style: none;
  border-bottom-width: 2px;
  border-bottom-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-left-style: none;
  border-left-width: 2px;
  border-left-color: #D3D3D3;
  border-right-style: none;
  border-right-width: 2px;
  border-right-color: #D3D3D3;
}

#jdaiyhtqik .gt_sourcenote {
  font-size: 90%;
  padding: 4px;
}

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      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">study</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n</th>
      <th class="gt_col_heading gt_columns_bottom_border gt_right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gießen</th>
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  <tbody class="gt_table_body">
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Political Science</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">70</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">0.2071006</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Sociology</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">88</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">0.2603550</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Educational Science</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">95</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">0.2810651</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Psychology</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">85</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">0.2514793</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Political Science</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">72</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">0.2057143</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Sociology</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">94</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">0.2685714</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Educational Science</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">96</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">0.2742857</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Psychology</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">88</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">0.2514286</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Political Science</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">78</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">0.2500000</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Sociology</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">81</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">0.2596154</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Educational Science</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">74</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">0.2371795</td></tr>
    <tr><td class="gt_row gt_center">Psychology</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">79</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">NA</td>
<td class="gt_row gt_right">0.2532051</td></tr>
  </tbody>
  
  
</table>
</div>
<p>Das Ergebnis irritiert etwas, denn wir haben doppelte Spalten. Dies liegt daran, dass wir weiterhin noch die absoluten Zahlen als Spalte (<code>n</code>) mit übergeben haben. Diese schließen wir einfach über <code>subset()</code> aus:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>uni <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">select</span>(study, </span>
<span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>         city</span>
<span id="cb11-4"><a href="#cb11-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>         ) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb11-5"><a href="#cb11-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">group_by</span>(city,</span>
<span id="cb11-6"><a href="#cb11-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>           study</span>
<span id="cb11-7"><a href="#cb11-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>           ) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb11-8"><a href="#cb11-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">summarise</span>(<span class="at">n =</span> <span class="fu">n</span>()) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb11-9"><a href="#cb11-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">prop =</span> n <span class="sc">/</span> <span class="fu">sum</span>(n))<span class="sc">%&gt;%</span>   <span class="co"># neue prozentualer Anteil nach Spalten!</span></span>
<span id="cb11-10"><a href="#cb11-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">subset</span>(<span class="at">select =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">&quot;city&quot;</span>, </span>
<span id="cb11-11"><a href="#cb11-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>                    <span class="st">&quot;study&quot;</span>,</span>
<span id="cb11-12"><a href="#cb11-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>                    <span class="st">&quot;prop&quot;</span></span>
<span id="cb11-13"><a href="#cb11-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>                    )</span>
<span id="cb11-14"><a href="#cb11-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>         ) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> <span class="co"># die zwei Variablen und prop! </span></span>
<span id="cb11-15"><a href="#cb11-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">pivot_wider</span>(<span class="at">names_from =</span> city, </span>
<span id="cb11-16"><a href="#cb11-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>              <span class="at">values_from =</span> prop</span>
<span id="cb11-17"><a href="#cb11-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>              ) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb11-18"><a href="#cb11-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">gt</span>()</span></code></pre></div>
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